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For constants a;b;c;d, and random variables U;V;Y;Z, cov(aU bV;cY dZ) = accov(U;Y) bccov(V;Y) adcov(U;Z) bdcov(V;Z) Sampling without replacement gives smaller variances than sampling with replacement 43The examples Example The Tchebychev inequality asserts for a random variable X with expected value , PfjX j> g var(X)= 2 forDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering University of Nevada, Reno Reno, NV 557 Email Qipingataolcom Website wwwcseunredu/~yanq I came to the US2 2 9 k 6 = l 9 F9 > 6 M P ; Obfuscated Hello World Program ƒzƒƒCƒg ƒAƒbƒVƒ… "¯ "' ƒƒ"ƒY